“reckoned” (ἐλογίσθη) as righteousness (εἰς δικαιοσύνην), the point seized on by Paul in the verse. James quotes the whole verse (Gen. 15:6), as Paul does, but he is concerned with it as proof that, when put to the test, Abraham lived up to his faith in that he actually “offered up Isaac, his son, upon the altar” (James 2:21). It is the deed as proof of faith that James emphasizes, though both points are in the narrative. (3) James’s Use of Works (ἔργα). He looks upon works as proof of faith, not as means